Washington:
Divorce has a bigger impact on child-parent relationships if it occurs in the first few years of the child's life, according to new research.
Those who experience parental divorce early in their childhood tend to have more insecure relationships with their parents as adults than those who experience divorce later, US researchers found.
"By studying variation in parental divorce, we are hoping to learn more about how early experiences predict the quality of people's close relationships later in life," said R Chris Fraley of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
In two studies published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Fraley and Marie Heffernan examined the timing and effects of divorce on both parental and romantic relationships, as well as differences in how divorce affects relationships with mothers versus fathers.
In the first study, they analysed data from 7,735 people who participated in a survey about personality and close relationships through yourpersonality.net.
More than one-third of the survey participants' parents divorced and the average age of divorce was about 9 years old.
The researchers found that individuals from divorced families were less likely to view their current relationships with their parents as secure.
People who experienced parental divorce between birth and 3 to 5 years of age were more insecure in their current relationships with their parents compared to those whose parents divorced later in childhood.
Although there was a tendency for people to experience more anxiety about romantic relationships if they were from divorced families, the link between parental divorce and insecurity in romantic relationships was relatively weak.
This finding was important, the researchers said, as it shows that divorce does not have a blanket effect on all close relationships in adulthood but rather is selective – affecting some relationships more than others.
They also found that parental divorce tends to predict greater insecurity in people's relationships with their fathers than with their mothers.
To help explain why divorce influences maternal relationships more than paternal ones, and to replicate the first study's findings, Fraley and Heffernan repeated their analysis with a new set of 7,500 survey participants.
Unlike in the first study, however, they asked the participants to indicate which of their parents had been awarded primary custody following their divorce.
The researchers speculated that paternal relationships were more insecure following divorce because mothers are more likely than fathers to be awarded custody.
They found that people were more likely to have an insecure relationship with their father if they lived with their mother and, conversely, were less likely to have an insecure relationship with their father if they lived with him. The results were similar with respect to mothers.
